War, Aggression and The Christian Life

[Resource Manager]

 

War, Aggression and The Christian Life

 

The Challenge of Faith

 

The only true source of guidance for our lives is to be found in the Bible—the Word of God. In the Bible, God gives us instructions for every aspect of our lives. We shall see that this is especially true when we consider the topic of War and Aggression. The Apostle Paul tells us that:

 

"All scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work." (2 Timothy 3:16-17)

 

We must have both faith and obedience in order to live by this principle. However difficult it may be, we must have faith in what God tells us, for the Bible says:

 

"Without faith it is impossible to please Him. For whoever would draw near to God must believe that He exists and that He rewards those who seek Him." (Hebrews 11:6)

 

We must also obey His commandments in our lives. There is no point in believing Him but not obeying Him, for we are also told that:

 

"Faith apart from works is barren." (James 2:20)

 

Jesus says that we cannot just claim to be his disciples. Only those who follow him and obey his teaching will be saved:

 

"Not every one who says to me, Lord, Lord, shall enter the kingdom of heaven, but he who does the will of my Father who is in heaven." (Matthew 7:21)

 

Not many people in the world will agree with us if we try to live by these principles. Indeed, they may reject us just as the world rejected the Lord Jesus Christ, our Master. Christians are unusual people, they live in this world but do not really belong to it; they are always in a minority. Again, the Lord Jesus pointed out that:

 

"The gate is narrow and the way is hard, that leads to life, and those who find it are few." (Matthew 7:14)

 

So when we come to Bible teaching about war and aggression, we must expect that there will be some difficult decisions to be made. We shall have to stand up for our faith. The apostle Peter said to Jesus:

 

"Lo, we have left everything and followed you." (Mark 10:28)

 

Jesus answered that true disciples might be persecuted because of their beliefs but they would not be alone in this. They would have the support of others who believed the same as themselves. Also, when Christ returns, the faithful will receive eternal life in the Kingdom of God.

 

The choice is ours. We can follow our own natural desires in how we behave in this life—and perish, or we can follow the path of life which is acceptable to God and in return be given eternal life in God's Kingdom on earth when Jesus returns.

 

We ask you therefore to read this booklet prayerfully alongside your Bible and discover how God wishes us to respond to this very important and practical subject of war and aggression in the life of a Christian.

[Resource Manager]

When and Where

 

Let us firstly think about ourselves and how we behave in certain circumstances. Looking at ourselves as individuals, we quickly realise that a certain degree of aggression is part of our nature.

 

1. For example, if we were attacked by an animal, we would immediately try to fight back or take evasive action. If our house caught fire, we should try to gather our belongings and run out. And if these things happened to our family or neighbours we would have the same reaction. We call it self-preservation. It is the God-given way by which we survive.
    
   
2. If we were attacked by a thief, who wished to steal from us, what should we do? If our family was physically attacked or abused, how should we behave? For most of us this would be a very difficult situation. Our natural instincts again are to protect our belongings or family. Is this right?
    
   
3. If the authorities of the country in which we live summoned us to join the armed forces and defend our country, what should we do?
    
   If, for some reason, those same authorities declared war on another country and demanded that we should join the armed forces to fight, how should we react?
    
   
4. Increasingly groups of nations act together to intervene in the affairs of other sovereign states. This is known as "peace keeping". It may seem to be done with good intentions but should we as individuals become involved?
    
   
5. In every country Police Officers and Prison Warders are expected to use violence against criminals if they need to subdue them. In some countries they carry guns or batons to help them do this. Is it right for a believer to take up such occupations?
    
   
6. Theft is a world-wide problem. In many countries firms hire Security Guards to protect their property. Sometimes they also carry guns or batons to protect themselves and the property they are looking after. Should a believer take up such an occupation?

Our own ideas and answers to these questions are of little value. We must turn to the Bible to read what God says about them.

[Resource Manager]

Not Quarrelsome—Kind to every one

 

From the earliest times, God showed that He did not wish His children to take life. Cain was punished for killing his brother Abel. That murder started with jealousy which led to hatred and then murder.

 

Later God specifically commanded Israel:

 

"You shall not kill." (Exodus 20:13)

 

We see clearly that God gives life to every individual; each life is precious to Him. No-one has the right to extinguish that life, except God. The Apostle Paul wrote:

 

"Beloved, never avenge yourselves, but leave it to the wrath of God; for it is written, Vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord." (Romans 12:19)

 

Jesus took this teaching a stage further. He asked his hearers to think about where murderous and aggressive thoughts come from, before they are translated into actions:

 

"For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murder, adultery, fornication, theft, false witness, slander. These are what defile a man." (Matthew 15:19-20)

 

So aggression starts as an evil thought within us. If it is left unchecked, it can lead to sins such as murder. Jesus showed how dangerous this tendency can be:

 

"You have heard that it was said to the men of old, 'You shall not kill; and whoever kills shall be liable to judgement.' But I say to you that every one who is angry with his brother shall be liable to judgement; whoever insults his brother shall be liable to the council, and whoever says, 'You fool!' shall be liable to the hell of fire." (Matthew 5:21-22)

 

One thing can so easily lead to another. Jesus told his followers that control of actions was not enough. They needed to control their emotions and words also. Anger, contempt for others and abuse were just as sinful as murder in the sight of the Lord Jesus. Instead, Jesus expects his disciples to:

 

"Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you." (Matthew 5:44)

 

If we can practise this, then another of Jesus' teachings may become easier:

 

"Do not resist one who is evil, but if any one strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also." (Matthew 5:39)

 

The Apostle Paul makes the same point when giving advice to the young leader of the ecclesia at Ephesus:

 

"Have nothing to do with stupid, senseless controversies; you know that they breed quarrels. And the Lord's servant must not be quarrelsome but kindly to every one, an apt teacher, forbearing, correcting his opponents with gentleness." (2 Timothy 2:23-25)

 

Please think about these points from the verses quoted above:

1. We must not be quarrelsome. This covers all areas of disagreement—in our domestic family, among the group of believers, and in the wider political sense.
   
2. The word 'kindly' implies gentleness. When applied to a man it might appear that he is weak and easily overcome, yet in fact it is a very powerful word. It is easy to allow our natural aggression to hurt and even destroy others. It is very difficult to put the welfare of others before our own needs and self-interest. That is gentleness. It is a very active and positive way of life.
   
3. Note also how the Apostle Paul says that we must behave in this 'kindly' or gentle way to everyone. If we do this to everyone we meet, we are in fact showing them how the Lord Jesus Christ behaved. It will be his attitudes and gentleness we shall be showing in our lives.
   

[Resource Manager]

The Great Example

 

The perfect example of this Godly behaviour is of course that of the Lord Jesus Christ. Peter never forgot what he saw—his Lord's complete submission to his enemies. Years later, he exhorted the early believers:

 

"Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, that you should follow in his steps ... When he was reviled, he did not revile in return; when he suffered, he did not threaten; but he trusted to him who judges justly." (1 Peter 2: 21-23)

 

There are three important points that Peter wants us to think about from these verses.

• He knew exactly how Jesus reacted to those who reviled and abused him. At his trial, when Jesus most needed Peter's friendship and help, Peter denied that he knew anything about Jesus. He did this on three separate occasions. Following his resurrection, Jesus totally forgave Peter and chose to have him as one of the leaders of the disciples.
  
• Those who reviled and abused Jesus waited until he was nailed to the cross before they showed how they truly felt. They thought that Jesus was powerless. What they did not know was that Jesus could have called for the help of 12 Legions (or 72,000) of angels of God to save him. But he did not. Instead, as Peter continues, Jesus "trusted to him who judges justly". God will be the final judge of all wrongs.
  
• The work of Jesus was to bring salvation and forgiveness of sins to all who believe in him. That work was given to Jesus, because: "God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life." (John 3:16) Absolutely no-one who truly believes in Jesus is denied that promise. As Peter knew, the work of all disciples of Jesus is to inform as many as possible of what God has done through him. That witness may bring suffering, as it did to the Master.
  

In all that he said and in all that he did, the Lord Jesus practised what he taught his disciples. Luke tells us about a time when James and John, two of his disciples, were angry because the Samaritans had treated their Master as an enemy. They wanted to call fire down from heaven to destroy them, just as Elijah once did. The Lord rebuked their warlike spirit and led them away (Luke 9:51-56).

 

When Jesus prophesied the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, he added this instruction to the disciples:

 

"When you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that its desolation has come near. Then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains." (Luke 21:20-21)

 

They were not to fight for their city, not even to defend it from the invading army.

 

When his enemies arrested Jesus, Peter drew his sword to defend him—to defend the most holy man who ever lived. If ever there was a righteous cause to fight for, this was it! Yet even this was forbidden: Jesus did not allow the use of force, even in self-defence.

 

"Put your sword back into its place; for all who take the sword will perish by the sword." (Matthew 26:52)

 

A few hours after this the Jews brought Jesus before Pilate, the Roman governor. They accused Jesus of claiming to be 'The King of the Jews'. Naturally this would alarm Pilate, since the Jews were a subject nation in the Roman Empire and he was their Governor. What would Jesus say now?

 

"My kingship is not of this world; if my kingship were of this world, my servants would fight, that I might not be handed over to the Jews; but my kingship is not from the world." (John 18:36)

 

What had been said to Peter privately was now made very public. Jesus' kingship would not be conferred by any power on earth. He is the Christ, the Anointed of God. Therefore Jesus' warfare was not with Rome, as our warfare is not with any human power. Jesus' disciples are not required to fight a human battle. The fight of his followers is against the power of sin in themselves. His disciples do not fight, even in so-called 'Holy Wars'.

[Resource Manager]

Difficult Bible Passages

 

We have looked at what the Bible says about war and aggression. God's teaching on the subject is very clear. However, there are other passages in the Bible which seem to contradict what we have looked at.

 

We must now examine these passages also.

 

Problem 1

 

When Israel was about to enter the Land of Canaan, God gave Joshua a specific command, which he fulfilled as follows:

 

"For Joshua did not draw back his hand ... until he had utterly destroyed all the inhabitants of Ai." (Joshua 8:26)

 

From this verse two questions may come to mind. Since Israel was commanded not to kill, why did God order the wholesale slaughter of the people who lived in Canaan? Can we be sure that none of those killed was a righteous person, killed by mistake?

 

The answer is that Israel also had to live by faith and obedience. God gave them orders about which people they must kill and which people they should spare. God was angry with them and punished them if they disobeyed Him in this. Many years before, God promised the land to Abraham and his descendants. It was now time for the Jews to take the land as God commanded. The people who were already there were wicked (see Genesis 15:16) and would kill them if they got the opportunity. This Bible record of how Israel went into the Promised Land is a type of how God's people will take the earth for Him at the return of Jesus. In the future, Israel will be the centre of God's Kingdom upon earth.

 

If you read Deuteronomy 18:9-12 you will see that the Canaanites practised all sorts of debasing rituals, including child sacrifices. It was God's commandment that Israel should keep itself separate from such evil ways. His people were to slay all who practised them. This was because there was a real spiritual danger for Israel from these people. If God's people began to practise such things, they too would be punished by God. Just as Israel was then ordered by God to slay His enemies, so now we are ordered by God to live faithful, peaceful lives awaiting the return of Jesus Christ. It will be at that time when God will take vengeance on all who oppose Him.

 

Yes, there were people in the land who trusted God at the time of Joshua. Rahab and her family were spared when Jericho fell because they had saved the lives of two of God's people and showed their faith in God. The answers are there—God had an eternal plan and He cares for people who trust His word.

 

Problem 2

 

John the Baptist was specially sent by God to prepare people's minds to receive the Lord Jesus as he began his ministry. Among those who listened to John were a group of soldiers. Luke tells us:

 

"Soldiers also asked him (John the Baptist), 'And we, what shall we do?' And he said to them, 'Rob no-one by violence or by false accusation, and be content with your wages'." (Luke 3:14)

 

From these words it might be argued that John said that it was possible to be a soldier and not fight. But what if a soldier was put in a combat situation? Surely he would have to fight and maybe kill? Of course! We know this to be true today. Men might join the armed forces in a non-combatant role, say as a medical orderly. Yet when the army is in battle, all who have joined it may be compelled to pick up weapons and fight. John's message was that people who became believers of Christ and who were already soldiers were now in a very difficult situation. They had to make a choice—aggression or gentleness and it was important that this decision was thought through clearly.

[Resource Manager]

Problem 3

 

The Apostle Paul came across a related problem in the ecclesia at Corinth. This time it was a matter of newly baptized believers, who were slaves, being aggressive toward their masters. They wanted their freedom. The Apostle says:

 

"Every one should remain in the state in which he was called ... So, brethren, in whatever state each was called, there let him remain with God." (1 Corinthians 7:20,24)

 

The Apostle was telling believers that they needed to modify their attitudes. A believer who was a slave to another human being when he was baptized had to learn to be content, not aggressive. What was important was not the state of their physical lives but the fact that they now had a new relationship with God, through Jesus Christ.

 

Problem 4

 

One of Jesus' earliest teachings was:

 

"Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God." (Matthew 5:9)

 

Why was it then, that later in his ministry Jesus advised his disciples to arm themselves?

 

"Let him who has no sword sell his mantle and buy one." (Luke 22:36)

 

Was he speaking literally or figuratively? He cannot have meant that they were now permitted to wield the sword, for shortly after, in Gethsemane, he said, "All who take the sword will perish by the sword" (Matthew 26:52).

 

Clearly their situation had changed. Early in his ministry, Jesus was hailed as the Messiah. The people thought that he would deliver them from the Romans. However, as they realised that Jesus was indeed a Saviour, but that he came to free people from their sins and not from the power of Rome, they were disappointed and became more hostile towards him. There would be no more free meals for the disciples, no more offers of a warm bed on cold, wet nights. The disciples had to learn to walk away when people were aggressive to them, to "shake off the dust of that place" in the words of Matthew 10. They had to prepare themselves for rejection and to learn to deal peaceably with it, not to retaliate, not to fight back. It is clear that they did not learn this lesson and the Gospels tell us that two of them had swords when they were with Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. Jesus knew this and talked to them about the time for 'buying a sword'. However, he meant "The sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God." (Ephesians 6:17) The Lord was trying to teach them that, for a Christian, there was only one weapon needed in the spiritual battle he wanted them to fight in their lives—the battle over the power of temptation and sin. This weapon was the Word of God. But they thought that Jesus was speaking of buying literal swords, and so they produced the ones they had. They brought them to Jesus and his response was simply: "It is enough." (Luke 22:38)

 

We cannot go into this phrase in detail. However, let's just note that it is a quotation from 1 Chronicles 21:15. This was a time of desperate circumstances in the life of King David. He had to make a choice, whether to trust in men or in God and he chose God. Jesus wanted his disciples to understand that he too would put his trust in God rather than in swords. For him the grace of God was 'enough'. In Gethsemane, Jesus gave a direct command:

 

"Put your sword (that same sword) into its sheath; shall I not drink the cup which the Father has given me?" (John 18:11)

 

It is quite clear from this that his disciples were not to fight for him. If we want to take anything from this incident, it must be that we need to listen very carefully to what Jesus says, before jumping to our own pre-conceived conclusions.

[Resource Manager]

The Christian and Politics

 

We shall see from the Bible, that the true Christian does not belong to this present age. We must never lose sight of this fact. For the true Christian, the present is a period of waiting, watching and witnessing for the coming Kingdom of God.

 

It is for this reason that followers of Christ do not fight, and it is equally for this reason that they take no part whatever in politics. They are citizens of a kingdom that is still to come here on earth. It was Nebuchadnezzar, the King of Babylon, who received a timeless message from God, which has a direct effect on our attitude to politics:

 

"The Most High rules the kingdom of men and gives it to whom he will." (Daniel 4:32)

 

This is not an easy thought to accept, that God, the Eternal Spirit, who created the universe and everything in it, can be concerned about the day to day activities of men and women. Yet the Apostle Paul tells us that in the allocation of the national boundaries of the nations, God has an even more personal purpose:

 

"And he made from one every nation of men to live on all the face of the earth, having determined allotted periods and the boundaries of their habitation, that they should seek God, in the hope that they might feel after him and find him. Yet he is not far from each one of us, for 'In him we live and move and have our being'; as even some of your poets have said, 'For we are indeed his offspring.' Being then God's offspring, we ought not to think that the Deity is like gold, or silver, or stone, a representation by the art and imagination of man. The times of ignorance God overlooked, but now he commands all men everywhere to repent, because he has fixed a day on which he will judge the world in righteousness by a man whom he has appointed, and of this he has given assurance to all men by raising him from the dead." (Acts 17:26-31)

 

If we accept that God rules over the affairs of every nation on this earth, then it surely makes good sense that we do not take part in elections, however good the candidates may appear. How do we know which one God will put into power? How do we know which policies God is introducing into a country and why He is doing so? What we do know, is that eventually Jesus Christ will establish God's kingdom on earth. It is for that time that we hope and pray.

 

The Apostle Peter saw a world-wide challenge for Christians to develop Christ-like attitudes and patterns of behaviour. He speaks of them as an international family of God:

 

"You are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people, that you may declare the wonderful deeds of him who called you out of darkness into his marvellous light. Once you were no people but now you are God's people; once you had not received mercy but now you have received mercy. Beloved, I beseech you as aliens and exiles to abstain from the passions of the flesh that wage war against your soul. Maintain good conduct among the Gentiles, so that in case they speak against you as wrongdoers, they may see your good deeds and glorify God in the day of visitation." (1 Peter 2:9-12)

 

Why does Peter describe Christians as aliens and exiles? Think of it this way. When we visit other countries we do not expect to vote in their elections. At the same time, whatever government is in power in that country we are expected to keep their laws, pay all our debts and keep out of trouble. The members of Christ's family must act like this wherever they are—at home or abroad—because they do not really belong to any country, they belong to the kingdom of God.

[Resource Manager]

"Be subject to the governing authorities"

 

New Testament teaching is very clear and powerful about the way in which the Christian should behave in this world, where he is effectively a foreigner:

 

"Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore he who resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgement. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of him who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is God's servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain; he is the servant of God to execute his wrath on the wrongdoer. Therefore one must be subject, not only to avoid God's wrath, but also for the sake of conscience." (Romans 13:1-5)

 

We should note that all authorities are appointed by God: "There is no authority, except from God." For this reason those in authority are God's servants, though usually they are not aware of the fact. This means that when a Christian disobeys the rulers of his country, he is really disobeying God. Notice that Paul says that we do this "for the sake of conscience". We obey the laws of our country because God commands us to, not because we are afraid of punishment if we disobey them and are caught.

 

The following scriptures develop this thought:

 

"For the same reason you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, attending to this very thing. Pay all of them their dues, taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honour to whom honour is due. Owe no one anything." (Romans 13:6-8)

 

"Remind them to be submissive to rulers and authorities, to be obedient, to be ready for any honest work, to speak evil of no one, to avoid quarrelling, to be gentle, and to show perfect courtesy toward all men." (Titus 3:1-2)

 

"Be subject for the Lord's sake to every human institution, whether it be to the emperor as supreme, or to governors as sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to praise those who do right. For it is God's will that by doing right you should put to silence the ignorance of foolish men. Live as free men, yet without using your freedom as a pretext for evil; but live as servants of God. Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the emperor." (1 Peter 2:13-17)

 

"Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's." (Matthew 22:21)

 

These texts are clear and Christadelphians endorse them and commend them to all believers.

[Resource Manager]

Rare Occasions

 

However, there may be certain situations in which a disciple of Jesus has to make difficult decisions. Sometimes we have to choose between obeying God or obeying man. Such a decision had to be made by the Apostles Peter and John, soon after Jesus had ascended into heaven. Having offended the Jewish rulers by accusing them of murdering the Lord Jesus, the Apostles were told not to preach again. Their response was positive and correct:

 

"We must obey God rather than men." (Acts 5:29)

 

This same principle applies if the country in which we live is at war, and we may be called upon to fight. However severe the penalties for disobedience, God's servants will not hesitate to refuse. Their Master has told them to love their enemies, and this they must do. They must not fight. This becomes a matter of objecting for conscience sake.

 

Conscientious Objectors

 

In some countries the penalties for refusing to fight are severe. Some Christians have suffered imprisonment, and some death, because they have steadfastly refused to go to war.

 

We can summarise how we must respond to any call to bear arms as follows:

1. No baptized follower of Jesus should seek to be in an occupation which could force him to be involved in violence toward another person. This would bring his allegiance to Jesus into doubt.
   
2. If an unbaptized person is in military service and, having developed an understanding of the Gospel, wishes to be baptized, he should speak to his commanding officer, explaining the situation.
   
3. In some countries he will be allowed to leave military service, as a matter of conscience. In other countries, where there is no such release, the person should ask for a change of position, to some totally non-combatant role.
   
4. The important thing is to make absolutely clear, that as a follower of Christ he will not fight, whatever the consequences.
   
5. The same principle applies in any occupation where the person may be called upon to show aggression toward another human being or carry offensive weapons. Prison warders, armed security guards and policemen are the most obvious examples. These are not easy decisions, especially when they may involve a slide into poverty, both for the individual and his family. What has to be considered, is whether the short-term gain in this life is sufficient to forfeit the benefits of eternal life in God's Kingdom. Two scriptures come to mind:
   

"God ... will not let you be tempted beyond your strength." (1 Corinthians 10:13)

 

"For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also." (Luke 12:34)

 

These are very serious matters. They are decisions we need to think through before we are baptized, especially if we are already in one of the occupations mentioned above. It is not a matter of being a pacifist out of cowardice. Jesus showed the greatest strength of character and yet was prepared to face death on the cross in order to save his people from their sins. The disciple's role in life is to show perfect restraint in the face of provocation; to love and pray for those who persecute him/her, because in so doing we reflect the love of God which we see perfectly demonstrated in the life of the Lord Jesus Christ.

[Resource Manager]

When God's Kingdom Comes

 

What will happen to the faithful followers of the Lord Jesus Christ when he returns to reign over the world?

 

The scriptures teach us that those whom the Lord claims as his own will be given great responsibility in the coming kingdom.

 

First, however, those believers who have died will be raised from the dead. Together with those already alive, they will be judged, and those judged worthy will be made immortal. This teaching regarding the resurrection is found in many places in the Bible, but the great chapter on this theme is 1 Corinthians 15.

 

The following scriptures give us a picture of what will happen to the immortal believers, both Jews and Gentiles:

 

"Then Peter said in reply, 'Lo, we have left everything and followed you. What then shall we have?' Jesus said to them, 'Truly, I say to you, in the new world, when the Son of man shall sit on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel'." (Matthew 19:27-28)

 

"Worthy art thou to take the scroll and to open its seals, for thou wast slain and by thy blood didst ransom men for God from every tribe and tongue and people and nation, and hast made them a kingdom and priests to our God, and they shall reign on the earth." (Revelation 5:9-10)

 

Those who are found faithful will help the Lord Jesus Christ in the government of the earth. This truth is expressed in various ways in different parts of the scripture:

 

"A king will reign in righteousness, and princes will rule in justice." (Isaiah 32:1)

 

"The kingdom and the dominion and the greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven shall be given to the people of the saints of the Most High; their kingdom shall be an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey them." (Daniel 7:27)

 

An Invitation and a Challenge

 

To every one there comes the Lord's invitation and challenge. Our personal destiny depends upon our personal response to the call of Christ.

 

 

"The saying is sure: If we have died with him, we shall also live with him; if we endure, we shall also reign with him; if we deny him, he also will deny us." (2 Timothy 2:11-12)

 

 

ARTHUR EAST

 

Bible Quotations are from the Revised Standard Version

 

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